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#SODIUM NORMAL RANGE IN BLOOD FREE#

Overhydration with fluids containing less sodium than normal blood (hypotonic fluids).

Chemotherapy and associated nausea and vomiting.

Excessive salt excretion (salt-wasting) in drug-induced kidney damage, adrenal insufficiency or use of specific medications that increase urine excretion (thiazide diuretics).

Increased thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) and adrenal insufficency.

Other Mechanisms that can cause hyponatraemia include: SIADH is the most common cause of hyponatraemia in patients with cancer.

Adaptive circulatory mechanisms such as low blood pressure, heart failure or liver cirrhosis.

Central nervous system (CNS) lesions, lung disease or nausea causing physiologic increases in ADH secretion.Factors relating to medical treatment (iatrogenic factors).Decreased kidney (renal), adrenal or thyroid function (insufficiency).Malignant illness can cause hyponatraemia in a variety of ways. This is known as the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH ( SIADH), and is easily the most common cause of hyponatraemia in cancer patients.

#SODIUM NORMAL RANGE IN BLOOD FREE#

Decreased serum sodium levels in cancer patients usually occur due to fluid overload, which is caused by inappropriate levels of hormone that prevents excretion of free water (antidiuretic hormone – ADH). Incidence rates can be much higher in cancer patients, for example between 15-50% in small cell lung cancer. Hyponatraemia occurs in approximately 1% of hospitalised patients.